Electrocardiographic changes in immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated cardiac injury: a narrative review

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are widely used in cancer treatment and have shown substantial clinical benefit. Although the incidence of ICI-associated cardiac injury is uncommon, such events may lead to severe complications and high mortality. Current tools for evaluating cardiac injury include serum biomarkers, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, coronary angiography, and endomyocardial biopsy. Among these, ECG is widely used because of its convenience and practicality and serves as an important screening tool. This review summarizes ECG manifestations associated with ICI-associated cardiac injury to further clarify the clinical role of ECG in this setting.